Color separation is the process of separating the photographs or colored graphics into their primary color components. For an instance, if you need to print a color photo with an offset printing press, you would create four separate printing plates each accounting for one ink (Cyan, magenta, yellow, and black) to produce the image.
As the substrate passes through the press, each single-color plate puts the right amount of ink at the right spot. Each color blends together to create a rich and infinite pallet of color to produce an image.